Definition of Perfumes and How They are Made

Perfumes are basically made from a mixture of fixative solvent, aromatic compounds and ethanol. The fixative and aromatic compounds are obtained from natural plant oils. Ethanol is used due to its universal solubility and low boiling point. A fixative substance on the other hand is used to make the perfume last longer, it has the ability to form chemical bonds with other chemicals within the mixture used in the manufacture of the perfume. Perfumes are used as aesthetic to add a pleasant smell to one’s body.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Perfumes and How They are Made specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also give the fragrance and it is for this reason that they are used to mask various unwanted odors in industrial processes. For instance, they are used in pharmaceutical industries and in corpse preservation to prevent decay and bad odor. Perfumes are applied at pulse points like behind th e ears, nape of neck, elbow , and knees. This is to ensure that as the pulse points move, they warm up the perfume hence releasing it. Ethanol is widely used because it is able to heat up easily. Common aroma compounds include vinallin and courmarin are also used. How perfumes are made The real chemical composition and precise formula for commercial perfumes is not readily available since each perfume as to be unique and a mystery to the competitors. Traditionally, perfumes were manufactured by extracting oil from plant parts like seeds, barks and leaves by pressing and steaming. The oil was burned so as to produce a good scent to the sorrounding. Due to modern technology, today perfumes are made from a detailed composition of various plant oils and other chemical components. The type of perfume depends on the concentration of the aromatic substance in the universal solvent. The intensity of the fragrance is dependant on concentration of aromatic materials used in its manufacture. A s mentioned earlier, perfumes are majorly manufactured from aromatic natural plant oils known as plant metabolites. One plant can give more than one aromatic compound; an example is the sea of coriander which gives different odors from its leaves. Consequently, synthetic aromatic chemicals, prepared in the lab are also used especially in cases where the required essential plant oil is expensive to obtain. Synthetic chemicals may also be used where some oils are impossible to obtain or do not occur in natural form. Depending on the method used in preparation, perfumes can be termed as single floral, floral bouquet and woody perfumes. Single floral contain one flower’s scent while floral bouquet contain several flowers’ scent. Woody perfumes on the other hand, are made from woody plants.. Vanillin and coumarine are two plant compounds most widely used in the manufacture of perfumes.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get yo ur first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Vanillin is an organic compound extracted from the back of vanilla bean. It is colorless and crystalline chemical compound found in many plants but higher concentration of it is found in Tonka beans. It has a sweet odor sometimes referred to as scent of new mown hay, a property that makes it find broad use in the perfume industry. It is produced by grass to discourage predation by herbivores. After the compounds are mixed within the required proportions, which are usually predetermined by type of perfume, mood and age for which the perfume is intended for, the perfume is subjected to stability tests which include keeping the perfume in adverse conditions to test for its properties. Some perfumes lose scent when exposed to heat while others change color or scent when kept in adverse conditions such as high temperatures or very low temperatures. For instance, light scents like bathing oil, bathing soap and body lotion are released in the morning and afternoon. However, a relatively dry skin will not hold fragrance for a long time. Perfumes are neither feminine nor masculine, the perception and notion of categorizing perfumes on gender basis is brought up by the sense that ladies, unlike men, prefer perfumes with high aromatic composition thus strong scent. Why Skunks stink Skunks are also known as polecats in America. They are mammals that are well known to spray a liquid with a very strong odor. They are of different species and their color ranges from black-white to brown. They eat plant and animal matter hence they are omnivorous. Their most notorious feature is the anal scent glands which they use as their defense weapon against predators.They have muscles around the glands which on contraction; help them spray Thiols with a very high degree of accuracy up to three meters. The smell of Thiols irritates and is highly picked up by the human nose and other predating anmals in the wild that are usually fter the sku nk. Thiols sticks on garment and does not easily come off unless washed with the help of commercial chemicals and detergents. For instance, if they fall on a dog, they cause violent sickness and a continuous running nose hence it is for this reason that skunks are known to be so stinky although in real sense they do not stink they just use their bad scent as a means to protect themselves. This essay on Definition of Perfumes and How They are Made was written and submitted by user Alden Bender to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Green City Project Analysis Essay Sample

Green City Project Analysis Essay Sample Green City Project Analysis Essay Sample Green City Project Analysis Essay Sample This research involves the profound analysis of implementation of the Green City Project in the real life. The basic aim of the research is to show the beneficial character of appliance of the mentioned project. The sufficient data proves that Green Cities can be an alternative for the future world prosperity. The great attention is paid to the transport, the usage of the alternative resources and the recycling industry. In addition, such notions as zero waste products, ecologically friendly transport fuels, sustainable economy, urbanization and popularization were analyzed. In fact, the initial objective of the paper was to provide comprehensive and grounded information about the problem of urbanization. The reason is obvious since the urbanization is considered to be one of the components that destroy the Earth. Along with that, the paper aims to represent the influence of the development of the world as well as society. Taking into consideration the above mentioned issue, the prob lem of saving the Earth arises. The environmental instability damages the nature as a whole and but living creatures in particular. Upon the examination of the mentioned components, it becomes clear that Green Cities can not only save the human life but also protect the environment. Through showing the importance of development of the sustainable cities, the research highlights the possible benefits of the eco cities. Green Cities Urbanization has become one of the paramount issues in the contemporary world. Due to the extreme development of IT and the hectic pace of life, the worldwide population has dramatically increased. The amount of factories and plants has increased respectively. People started setting up businesses thus developing alternative income resources. In addition, applying the innovative technologies helps make human life less complicated and much faster, as well. Nevertheless, the problem of the global urbanization is quite controversial. On the one hand, the lasting urbanization promotes the innovative progression and world’s prosperity. On the other hand, it causes enormous social and environmental problems. Accordingly, the latter has negative consequences for the humanity. Firstly, the lasting urbanization causes the increase of crime rates and inequality respectively. Secondly, it makes the enormous pressure on local as well as global environment. Thirdly, due to urbanization, the health rates started dropping down showing the high level of the fatal diseases expanding among the population of the contemporary world. Accordingly, protecting the cities from the obvious damage and providing the alternative methods of preventing the world’s destruction are becoming the issues of great concern. The sufficient way is the development of green cities. This will help save the planet from the fatal demolition and get optional benefits from natural resources. The objective purpose of the paper is to suggest information about green cities and provide the potential benefits of the implementation of the â€Å"Green City† project. The analysis of the profound literature makes it is possible to conduct the research. The main information is taken from the World Bank, the World Health Organization and the United Nation Environmental Programme. The information provided in the mentioned resources is knowledgeable and sufficient respectively. Numerous tables and figures are provided in the sources, which helps analyze the problem in every aspect. In addition, the information mentioned in the resources is relevant and depicts the current situation in the world. For example, the World Bank suggests information about the rate of the fatal diseases in the contemporary world. It provides the evidence of the dangerous impact of the illnesses. The World Health Organization illustrates data about the car emitted noise and its influence on the human health. Along with that, they provide the data about the pollution of air caused by fossil fuels and harmful substances. The United Nation Environmental Programme depicts the app roximate amount of money spent on the development of the recycling industries. The analyzed literature was taken from the investigation of the particular problem in the world. It includes the representation of tables, figures and schemes, analysis of the current situation, comparison of the past and the contemporary data, and summing up the material. That is to say, literal overview helps conduct the current research. General Information about the Project The paramount goal is to provide the profound information about the main essence of the project. The contemporary world develops with the high speed. It brings a wide range of new technologies, machines and devices that facilitate human life. The cities have become the most convenient places for living. For this reason, more and more people started moving to cities for their convenience. This process promotes the increase in the urban population. In accordance with the World Bank, urbanization has become the striking characteristic of the modern world (World Bank, 2009). There is a prediction that in ten years, the population of the developed cities will triple. Consequently, the cities will face the challenge of building economically and ecologically sustainable future. The prosperous future of the developed cities can be under the threat of demolition. The lasting progress of regional economy, the consumption of carbon, the emissions of various gases lead to the destruction of cities. For this reason, the appliance of the sustainable green cities will be the perfect solution for the current problems. The green city is a perfect place to live in. Its basic aim is to provide ecologically sustainable conditions of living. They are developed to better not only human life but also the state of the environment. All the components of the city will be inseparable. In other words, it will be the waste-free manufacture. Special attention will be paid to transport, the appliance of alternative resources and recycling industry. In fact, the process of greening cities will take some time. The basic steps will be to reduce the level of chemical emissions, create the qualitative environment for all the citizens, assure sustainable consumption, and adopt the usage of alternative energy sources (World Bank, 2009). The reason is quite obvious: the m entioned components are the key factors in destroying the environment; thus, they should be leveled. Transport Transport is considered to be one of the basic polluters in the modern world. Due to the extreme urbanization, the amount of transport has increased respectively. Accordingly, the emissions from the vehicles pose a great threat to human health. Air pollution causes the emergence of the cardiovascular illnesses. The respective data prove that transport promotes bronchitis, strokes and asthma (World Bank, 2011). In addition, air pollution is one of the main reasons for deaths in the modern society. The global attention is fixed on the huge human and material losses during road accidents. According to World Health Organization, in the developing countries, the level of the road deaths is the highest and comprises 90% (World Health Organization, 2004). The scientists suggest that road accidents will be the fifth principal reason of death in the world. Noise is also suggested to be the growing concern from both ecological and economical perspectives. The noise produced by vehicles has negative influence on health. The World Health Organization depicted the most general issues related to the sustained noise rates. These involve hearing fatigue, hearing worsening, namely tinnitus, effects on social behavior, insomnia, and worsening of the immune system. In addition, the sustained exposing to noise has been connected with holdbacks in cognitive development of children (Evans and Maxwell, 1997). It should be admitted that transport has an enormous impact on the human life. Consequently, the green cities aim at reducing the transport emission and providing ecologically friendly means of transport. Therefore, all vehicles will use ecologically friendly fuels. In addition, green cities will apply the usage of electric cars. The benefits will be enormous. On the one hand, the electric cars will produce less pollution and thus cause less da mage to the environment. On the other hand, they will make noise helping to reduce the level of noise production in the cities respectively. An important role will be devoted to such vehicle as bicycle. In fact, bicycles are the most popular alternative type of transport in the modern society. They are comfortable and cheap, as well. They are of paramount importance in the huge cities. Due to the hectic pace of life, numerous traffic jams have become typical for big cities, so bicycles will help reduce their emergence. One more possible benefit of bicycles is the fact that they are absolutely ecologically friendly. For this reason, they promote healthy lifestyle and protect cities from the pollution. One of the most important issues of the green cities is the sustainable transport. The sustainable transport will help not only save the city clean but also better economical, environmental and social life of the humanity. In order to achieve the development of this kind of transport, every green city needs to follow certain strategies. The perfect example will be the avoid strategy. Avoiding travel needs is the main aim of the sustainable transport campaign. Together with the interventions that reduce travel, there are the improvement of urban design as well as the usage of information and innovative technologies (World Health Organization, 2004). Additionally, the extreme development of IT enables considering telemobility as an alternative way of reducing the level of travelling in the city. The main components of the telemobility include telework, teleshopping, and telemedicine (World Health Organization, 2004). Consequently, it will not only make human life less complicated but r educe the level of the pollution, as well. It can be admitted that green cities are designed for protecting human life and nature as a whole. In regard to the public transport, it is one of the important components of every city. For this reason, it is paramount to make it more sufficient. The public transport in the green cities will be designed according to the sustainable system. In other words, the public transport will be car-competitive. The following steps will help to achieve this aim. The first step is to adopt the integrated network of routes (World Health Organization, 2004). The second step is to better the state of the transport thus make it more convenient and secure. The third step is the appliance of the distinctive marketing identity for all systems. By taking the mentioned steps, it will be possible to reduce the amount of cars in the city and enhance the usage of the public transport respectively. The Usage of Alternative Energy Resources Along with transport, the green cities will use alternative energy resources for manufacturing as well as living. Nowadays, the problem of usage of alternative energy resources is quite controversial. The supporters of that point claim that the Sun, wind, water and soil can make human life healthier and cheaper. The opponents stick to the point that natural resources could not produce the necessary amount of energy and they are not reliable. Nevertheless, the analysis of the recent data proves that natural resources are the future of the humanity. For this reason, the green cities will use the energy from the Sun, water and wind for the development of the production. It is possible to install special solar devices for getting solar energy in every house. They are not so expensive, but they will save money and time. The Sun is the lasting natural source of energy. It heats the Earth; thus, it is possible to use its energy and keep it during certain period of time. In fact, numerous co ntemporary countries have already used solar and wind energy. In this respect, the bright example is Austria. In this country, there are many plants and factories that are based on the winder and solar energy. The main benefit of appliance of natural resources is that they do not emit harmful gases into the environment. Consequently, they are ecologically friendly for humans and nature as a whole. In order to achieve the desirable aim, the green cities will follow a certain strategy. The first aim is to reduce the level of artificial energy. By persuading people to use natural resources, it is possible to level the use of non-natural energy. The second aim is to build plants and factories that will work only by means of natural resources. The government of the green cities will help citizens install the desirable eco devices that will heat the flats and houses. The investments in clean-energy campaigns cause cash savings; the scope of the mentioned investments is substantial. According to the United Nations Environment Programme, $63.2 billions were invested in to the development of clean-projects ( United Nations Human Settlements Programme, 2009). It should be admitted that the usage of natural resources results in numerous benefits for humans and nature as a whole. The Recycling Industries The last and the most important component of the green cities will be recycling industries. Every city possesses a wide range of waste, so it is needed to be recycled. Nevertheless, before applying the recycle system, it is paramount to examine the people’s behavior, as well as their lifestyles and values. In accordance with Lehmann, there are three frameworks for sustainable urban progression, namely zero fossil-fuel usage of energy, zero waste, and zero emissions (Lehmann and Crocker, 2012). Consequently, zero waste is a vital component of the mentioned framework. In addition, the sustainable urban development requires three steps to be followed, namely rising resilience, strengthening of all systems and networks, the analysis of the influence of climate and city context. Basically, nowadays, there are many products that people do not use and just throw away. It is paramount to build the recycling plants in order to make use of the waste. For this reason, ecologically friendly cities are the right solution for the mentioned problem. The green cities promote the projects that will gather waste and make use of it. Along with that, the cities will encourage citizens to use zero-waste products. The corresponding laws will be adopted in order to count the amount of emitting waste per person. If the amount is overrated, the person will have to pay money that will be invested in the bettering recycling systems. In fact, such a campaign will teach citizens to control the level of zero-waste products in their native cities. Analyzing the afore mentioned information, it can be noted that the implementation the â€Å"Green City Project† can bring enormous benefits for the humanity and nature. The initial aim of the project is to develop the city that will be zero-waste and fossil fuel-waste. The city will be constructed basing on the eco principles. The great attention will be paid to the reduction of harmful transport, usage of alternative resources and recycling industries. Each of the mentioned factors will provide huge advantages for people. Firstly, the health rate will improve greatly. Secondly, the nature will be more protected. Thirdly, the life will become much easier and faster. The mentioned project is oriented towards the environmental protection. The reason is quite obvious: all creatures on the Earth are totally dependent on the nature. Therefore, it should be treated in an appropriate way. The extreme development of the world has changed the nature and its main components. Individuals started moving into big cities in order to find better jobs and opportunities. In such a way, the urban population started increasing greatly. It leads to a number of serious problems. The most obvious are huge amount of traffic jams, the rising level of fatal diseases, inconvenience and dirtiness. Taking into account the afore mentioned facts, one of possible solutions to the problems may be the green cities. This project is developed to help reduce the negative effects of the urbanization. The basic target of the project is to protect humans’ life and save nature. Transport, usage of alternative resources and recycling industries are the main objectives of the project. The citizens of the green cities will use electric cars and bicycles in order to reduce fossil fuel emitting. In addition, the public transport will be more car-competitive and comfortable for passengers. In relati on to the alternative resources, the government will help to tackle the problem. All the citizens will be able to install solar devices for the convenient usage of the solar energy. The recycling industry will be booming due to the adoption of certain laws that will help control the waste-emitting level in the country. It should be admitted that green cities are the perfect example of the future. It will result into a great number of benefits for the humanity.

The automotive industry in For almost the past hundred years the Essay

The automotive industry in For almost the past hundred years the automotive industry has dominated Michigan's economy. How and - Essay Example In addition, in 1990, the city ranked thirteenth amongst largest cities in the United States with a population of about 285,000 residents (Cooney & Yacobucci, 2006). The other thing is that the city was situated along a river, whose water offered power and transportation for outgoing goods and incoming supplies. This paper therefore, seeks to find out why for almost the past hundred years, the automotive industry has dominated Michigan’s economy. In addition, the paper will explore how and why the industry established itself in Michigan, and what have been its effects--positive and negative. From the beginning, Detroit was preferably positioned to be a hub of the automobile industry in the United States. This is based on the fact that the place was squarely located in the heartland of United States—an area that connected many other key regions in the US. For instance, it was linked Pennsylvania, lower New England, Ohio, Illinois and Indiana (McAlinden & Andrea, 1992). W ith these, the required raw materials for production of automobiles were easily transported to the city via rail and the Great Lakes waterways (McAlinden & Andrea, 1992). Furthermore, the coal producing regions of West Virginia and Pennsylvania were directly connected to Michigan and specifically Detroit by rail. Furthermore, the great steel factories of Youngstown, Pittsburgh, Gary, Chicago and Cleveland were just a few miles away from Detroit. The copper and iron mining zones of Minnesota and northern Michigan were reachable without any difficulty by ship (McGinnis, 2005). The other contributing factor was that its centrality at west and east confluence offered auto manufacturers easy access both to the much needed capital and product markets for its unprecedented growth. The contribution of Henry Ford and Dodge was another factor behind the establishment of Michigan as an auto hub (Cooney & Yacobucci, 2006). Before, the coming of Ford, the first auto companies were very tiny oper ations, however, this changed as Ford invented the methods of mass production, along with the advanced assembly line techniques, including vast River Rouge complex, aspects which turned around the scale and scope of auto production in Michigan (McGinnis, 2005). Dodge, on the other hand, set up an enormous Main automobile Plant just close to that of Ford. All these grand automobile plants served to turn Michigan into an American automobile hub. The accessibility of Detroit also brought in enough workers who provided reliable labor for the labor-hungry automobile industry. Potential auto workers from Midwest moved into the area as a result of the declining logging industry. In short, Henry Ford, based in Detroit, Michigan, was responsible for the groundbreaking innovations that were later copied by competitors such as Chrysler, American Motors and General Motors. Each organization set up their headquarters in the Detroit making it the main center for car production not just in America but also world over. Positive impacts of auto industry in Michigan Enhanced Diversity The emergence of the automobile industry completely transformed Michigan and especially Detroit, attracting more than one million new migrants and via its technological aspect and its demographic impact, reshaped the cityscape in different ways. The population of the State changed in diversity (McAlinden & Andrea, 1992). On top of migrants from the hinterlands of Midwest,

Business Structure Advice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Structure Advice - Coursework Example A market survey can also give you valuable information on how to overcome the challenges, spot the present and the future troubles in the business and discover other opportunities. Financing a business that is just starting is always very difficult. The person in business should know the amount of cash that is actually required to begin and drive the business. You can start a business with the individual money or capital obtained from acquaintances, and relatives (Kurtz, & Boone, 2011). The individual investments show your obligation to the business and also give you a chance to request support from the government subsidy. This subsidy may be a loan for which you are expected to pay back the principal amount including the interest. These business loans are either short term or long term hence it will depend on the size of the business you want to venture in. There are different business structures or forms. You should consider what business form is efficient for your needs depending on whether you want to conduct the business by yourself, or you want to do it with a colleague. According to Pride, Hughes, and Kapoor (2012), an appropriate business form is determined by monetary, individual, law and duty issues. The following types may be suitable for a new business venture: Sole proprietorship: This is a business owned by a single person. The owner is entirely in charge of all its operations. All the earnings from the business are for the sole proprietor. It is possible for the owner to use own assets to remove the debts. Sole proprietorship is advantageous because: it is easy to start, the starting fee is moderately low, the management load is small, the owner is fully in charge and can make his choices in the business, and all the income goes directly to the owner. However, this form of activity has open problems, for instance, if you have debts, the individual resources will be used to remove the debts. There is also no stability in business

Interference Colors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Interference Colors - Essay Example Interference colors are thus an effect that emanates because different substances have different index of reflection (Ulery, & Drees 185). Birefringence is the variation in the indices of reflection. Interference colors can be understood by utilizing color charts that are contained in most of the course readings. If the thickness of an area is known, then the birefringence can be determined from the interference color. Most extreme birefringence can be analytic of a mineral when utilized with different properties. If the thin segment contains a known mineral, with a confined scope of birefringence, then the interference color can be utilized to focus the thickness of the segment (Haldar, & Josip 50). Standard slender areas are 30 microns thick. Meager segments thicker than 30 microns will deliver higher interference colors. Interference colors rehash. Nevertheless, high order colors can be recognized from lower order ones by watching the margins between gemstones or those crystals at the edges of the minor segment. These zones of a thin area are frequently more slender and will demonstrate an arrangement of lower inter ference

Jekyll and Hyde: Drug Addiction

Jekyll and Hyde: Drug Addiction The first stage of Dr. Henry Jekylls addiction is In Robert Louis Stevensons nineteenth century novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, addiction is a very important undertone. Stevenson writes It was on this side that my new power tempted me until I fell in slavery. I had but to drink the cup, to doff at once the body of the noted professor, and to assume, like a thick cloak, that of Edward Hyde (Stevenson 109). In other words, Dr. Henry Jekyll concocts a very strong potion in his laboratory and drinks it. As a result of his drinking the potion, he transforms into the evil Mr. Hyde. In Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Jekyll clearly shows all the classic signs of being a drug addict: experimentation, denial, attempt to quit and abuse. Ultimately, his self-destructive behavior becomes so severe that it leads him to commit murder; and eventually, to take his own life. Experimentation. In Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Stevenson notes late one accursed night, I compounded the elements, watched them boil and smoke together in the glass, and when the ebullition had subsided, with a strange glow of courage, drank the potion (Stevenson 106). This description refers to the doctor willingly concocting his strong potion. His initial purpose for cooking up and testing the drug is very well- meaning. Jekyll simply wants to rid his evil self from his good self. Despite the fact that his intentions are good, his experimentation begins his path towards addiction and isolation. Dr. Jekylls experimentation with psychoactive chemicals is similar to how contemporary addicts drink or use drugs to deal with problems in their lives. Denial is the second stage of Dr. Jekylls addiction. This defense mechanism is commonly used by addicts to avoid facing the uncomfortable reality of their problem. Jekylls denial first comes up at his dinner party when Utterson comments that he is becoming increasingly informed about Hyde. Jekyll says, it is not as bad as that; and just to put your good heart at rest, I will tell you one thing: the moment I choose, I can be rid of Hyde (Stevenson 58). This quote from Jekyll is the speech of a person with a drug problem. His response is very similar to how todays addicts claim that they can stop using when they want to. This is not to say that it isnt possible, but it is very difficult for an addict to quit on their own. Furthermore, Jekyll also insists that Utterson be at ease about Hyde. Jekyll asserts this is a private matter and I beg of you to let it sleep (Stevenson 58). Jekyll convinces others that he and Hyde are two separate entities when in fact they are one. This denial of Jekyll is a sign that he is becoming an addict. Similar to other addicts, Jekyll has an unsuccessful attempt at stopping his drug use. For several months, Jekyll is back to his friendly ways. He begins to become sociable again and appears to be back to his old self: a new life began for Dr. Jekyll. He came out of his seclusion, renewed relations with his friends, became once more their familiar guest and entertainer (Stevenson 71). This quote refers to Jekylls noticeable change in attitude when his drug use is ceased. Things seem to be as if they were in the old days for the doctor. However, as is often the case with addiction, his antisocial behavior returns just as quickly as it had left. His drug use begins again as he refuses visitors and becomes extremely secluded: On the 12th, and again on the 14th, the door was shut against the lawyer. `The doctor was again confined to the house`, Poole said, `and saw no one` (Stevenson 72). This quote is from Jekylls butler and refers to his noticing the changes in behavior of his master. These changes by Jekyll drive the butler to join forces with Utterson to find out what is going on with Jekyll. Jekylls attempt at quitting is another sign that he is becoming an addict. Abuse is the next stage of Jekylls addiction. Drug abuse refers to a maladaptive pattern of use of a substance that is not considered dependent. Due to the fact that he enjoys the effects of the drug, Jekyll begins to abuse it: I felt younger, lighter, happier in body; wither I was conscious of a heady recklessness, a current of disordered sensual images running like a millrace in my fancy, a solution of the bonds of obligation, an unknown but not an innocent freedom of the soul. I knew myself, at the first breath of this new life, to be more wicked, tenfold more wicked, sold a slave to my original evil; and the thought, in that moment, braced and delighted me like wine. (Stevenson107) This description refers to the sensations that Jekyll is feeling when he drinks his potion. It vividly details how the chemical makes him feel. Consider heroin, for example. Heroin is an illegal, highly addictive and very dangerous drug. Those who have never used the substance cant begin to understand why a person would risk their own life for such a drug. However, people addicted to heroin use any means possible to get the drug and their primary purpose in life becomes seeking heroin. My point is this: the reason that people use heroin or any drug is because the drug makes a person feel extremely good. Similarly, Jekyll also enjoys the pleasure that his potion gives him. Jekyll notes that it begins taking longer for Hyde to wear off as he spends more time recovering from the drugs effects. Because he enjoys becoming a different person, Jekylls abuse worsens. Jekylls continued abuse of his chemical causes serious changes in his personality. He begins behaving in unusually cruel and inhumane ways. For example, Enfield witnesses Hyde in motion: and then came the horrible part of the thing; for the man trampled calmly over the childs body and left her screaming on the ground (40). This quote describes Mr. Hyde brutally trampling a young girl and then disappearing into a door on the street. What is more important, it demonstrates that Jekyll is not a man who is right in mind or spirit. Jekyll begins requiring more of his drug than he has previously: since then I had been obliged on more than one occasion to double, and once, with infinite risk of death, to treble the amount (Stevenson 113). To put it another way, this quote by Jekyll refers to his increasing the amount of his drug because he has built up a tolerance to the drug. Just as important, Jekyll the quote shows Jekyll admitting that his drug abuse could cost him his life. It becomes apparent that Jekyll is not only addicted to the drug, but is also addicted to transforming into the secretive Hyde. Eventually, his addiction leads him to murder a young man. Finally, when he realizes that he can no longer return back to Jekyll, and will forever be Mr. Hyde, he takes his own life. Henry Jekylls maladaptive behavior throughout the novel indicates that he is a man suffering from an addiction. His self- destruction points to the fact that he is powerless over his potion. As a result, Jekylls experimentation, denial and abuse eventually lead to addiction. As a result, Hyde gradually takes over the doctor to the point where he can no longer return back to Jekyll. Because of this, Jekyll commits suicide. Utterson and Poole find the body of Hyde wearing Jekylls clothes. They also find a letter that Jekyll has written to Utterson explaining the whole mystery. My conclusion, then, is that Dr. Jekyll is a drug addict.

Nettles For Food and Medicine :: Botany

Nettles For Food and Medicine Despite its nondescript appearance, the stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) has a knack for grabbing the attention of anyone passing by. Unfortunately, most people never notice nettles until they are viciously attacked with sharp, hot, itching stings. Consequently, most people familiar with nettles regard them as pesky and undesirable weeds. Few people today realize that nettles may actually be counted among nature's most useful plants. As is frequently the case with common names, the term nettle is often used for plants that aren't nettles at all. In the Midwest, the plant known as Red Dead-Nettle is actually a member of the Mint Family and the Horse Nettle (which is poisonous) is actually a Nightshade (Seymour, 1997). The true nettles belong to the Urticaceae, also known as the Nettle Family. The Nettle Family is found worldwide and consists of about 45 genera and 700-1000 species. Most of the species are tropical and herbaceous (Walters and Keil, 1996). Urtica dioica, the plant most often called by the name Stinging Nettle, is a dioecious perennial plant that stands about one meter tall. It has simple, opposite, toothed leaves (5-10cm long) with persistent stipules and, most importantly, stinging trichomes. The radially symmetrical flowers are arranged in axillary panicles, completely lack petals, and have 4 sepals and 4 stamens. The fruits are small, oval achenes (1-2mm long). In addition to growing from seed, the plants are able to spread rhizomatously (Radford, Ahles and Bell, 1968). The Stinging Nettle is actually not nearly as common in the U.S. as the closely related Wood Nettle (Laportea canadensis). The Wood Nettle is often mistaken for the Stinging Nettle by most people because the Wood Nettle also has stinging hairs. Laportea canadensis is not as tall as Urtica dioica, has larger leaves (up to 20cm) and minute stipules. The staminate flowers have 5 sepals and 5 stamens and are found in axillary panicles. The pistillate flowers have only 4 sepals and are found in either terminal or axillary panicles. The achene is crescent-shaped (Radford, Ahles and Bell, 1968). The wood nettle grows well in rich forests and may be particularly abundant along hiking trails near streams. Hikers are frequently dismayed to discover that when such trails aren't carefully maintained, nettles quickly begin to arch dangerously over the paths. There are several other species from the Nettle Family in the United States, but only 4 of the genera represented, Urtica, Hesperocnide, Laportea, and Urera, have the characteristic stinging trichomes.